AI-assisted automated short answer grading of handwritten university-level mathematics exam
Tianyi Liu, Julia Chatain, Laura Kobel-Keller, Gerd Kortemeyer, Thomas Willwacher, Mrinmaya Sachan · Teaching Mathematics and its Applications An International Journal of the IMA · 2026
Abstract Timely grading of educational assessments is essential but labor-intensive, especially for complex tasks. Recent developments in automated feedback systems, ranging from deterministic response grading to the evaluation of semi-open and open-ended essays, have been facilitated by advances in machine learning. The emergence of pre-trained Large Language Models, such as GPT-4, offers promising new opportunities for efficiently processing diverse response types with minimal customization. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a pre-trained GPT-4 model in grading semi-open handwritten responses in a university-level mathematics exam. Our findings indicate that GPT-4 provides surprisingly reliable and cost-effective initial grading, subject to subsequent human verification. Future research should focus on refining grading rules and enhancing the extraction of handwritten responses to further leverage these technologies.