AutomataGPT: Transformer‐Based Forecasting and Ruleset Inference for Two‐Dimensional Cellular Automata
Jaime Berkovich, Noah S. David, Markus J. Buehler · Advanced Science · 2026
ABSTRACT Cellular automata (CA) provide a minimal formalism for investigating how simple local interactions generate rich spatiotemporal behavior in domains as diverse as traffic flow, ecology, tissue morphogenesis, and crystal growth. However, automatically discovering the local update rules for a given phenomenon and using them for quantitative prediction remains challenging. Here we present AutomataGPT, a decoder‐only transformer pretrained on million simulated trajectories that span 100 distinct two‐dimensional binary deterministic CA rules on toroidal grids. When evaluated on previously unseen rules drawn from the same CA family, AutomataGPT attains 98.5% perfect one‐step forecasts and reconstructs the governing update rule with up to 96% functional (application) accuracy and 82% exact rules‐matrix match. These results demonstrate that large‐scale pretraining over wider regions of rule space yields substantial generalization in both the forward (state forecasting) and inverse (rule inference) problems, without hand‐crafted priors. By showing that transformer models can faithfully infer and execute CA dynamics from data alone, our work lays the groundwork for constructing interpretable CA surrogates for systems whose coarse‐grained dynamics are reasonably approximable within a chosen local CA rule class, opening avenues in biology, tissue engineering, physics, and AI‐driven scientific discovery.