The Technology of AI and its Emerging Worries
Jacopo Morelli, Piñeiro Daniel Rodriguez, Francesco Barzetta · 2026
Despite Artificial Intelligence having entered mainstream discourse, the word “AI” is often used inappropriately, and the lack of knowledge about how AI-based machines work undermines the chances of discussing serious concerns that could arise from this technology. For these reasons, the chapter tries to first underline the importance of reflecting on what the term “intelligence” means, with a particular focus on machines, then it slowly explains the relationship between AI and mathematics, progressively building on more complex concepts such as probability in layman terms. After having built the necessary mathematical foundation, the main typologies of machine learning techniques are introduced, with examples. Finally, neural networks and deep learning complete the overview of the main AI methods one should at least roughly understand to participate effectively in mainstream discourse. Concerns regarding how AI is currently discussed are then explained, as well as the danger of a possible third AI winter. Lastly, the focus shifts on real issues and critical aspects of AI that are mostly overlooked by laypeople because of their lack of expertise in the field. The purpose of the chapter is to equip the reader with the necessary tools to approach AI discussions in a critical, effective way.