BMC-DIV : Blockchain-based Minimum Cost Data Integrity Verification for IoT Data Cloud Storage
Yingbiao Yao, Wei Teng, Chenjie Du, Ruijian Ma, Xiaobin Xu, Mingyang Wang · Blockchain Research and Applications · 2026
• Proposes a verification strategy that balances user verification cost and data security. • Formulates a blockchain-based DIV framework enabling transparent and secure verification without TPA. • Designs a data integrity protocol using RSA homomorphic hash for efficient verification. The rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the generation of massive volumes of data. However, due to constraints in computing and storage resources, terminal devices often struggle to process or store such data locally. Consequently, outsourcing data to cloud platforms has become a common practice, yet ensuring data integrity in a computation-efficient and cost-effective manner remains a critical challenge. To address this issue, this paper proposes a blockchain-based minimum-cost data integrity verification scheme, referred to as BMC-DIV, which enables data owners to balance verification expense with data security through a mathematical model optimizing accuracy, challenge frequency, and total cost. We further design a verification framework that integrates block-chain and smart contracts, along with an integrity verification protocol based on the RSA homomorphic hash function, providing efficient, transparent, and secure integrity protection without relying on any trusted third party. Specifically, by leveraging the homomorphic property of RSA and organizing data into sectors, we propose a lightweight method for tag generation and proof verification suitable for resource-constrained IoT environments. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that BMC-DIV offers notable advantages in computational efficiency and minimizes the overall verification cost for data owners.