Inclusive AI and Low-cost Robotics for Sustainable Smart Systems: Bridging the Global Technological Divide
Hyunsu Lee, Sung-Hoon Ahn · International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Smart Technology · 2026
The concept of Appropriate Technology, initially created to meet the needs of underserved communities with cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solutions, is experiencing a significant transformation due to advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. This review outlines the evolution of Appropriate Technology (AT) through five key stages, leading to what we term Appropriate Technology 5.0-a fusion of AI, IoT, and low-cost robotics designed for inclusive and sustainable development. We investigate how AI-driven systems facilitate smarter agriculture, decentralized energy management, and community-based health and education services, especially in resource-constrained settings. The paper also highlights strategic challenges in the global deployment of these technologies, such as affordability, energy efficiency, digital literacy, and the localization of advanced AI platforms, including large language models (LLMs), large multimodal models (LMMs), and humanoid robots. By incorporating shared economy models and aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), we propose that Appropriate Technology 5 . 0 provides a practical and ethical framework to bridge the global digital divide. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and policy directions to ensure that AI and robotics serve as tools of empowerment rather than exclusion.