A Cognitive-Heuristics Approach to Understanding Presence in Virtual Environments
S. Shyam Sundar, Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, A.K. Garga · 2008
A strange paradox surrounds the role played by technology in inducing presence. The more sophisticated the technology, the greater the presence, which means greater invisibility of the technology. While we know that advancements in media technology, from larger screens to more interactivity, can enhance the sense of presence, the theoretical mechanisms by which this occurs are yet to be specified. We address this shortcoming by proposing that user interpretation of technology critically mediates the relationship between technological factors and a sense of presence. In particular, we adapt the MAIN model [1] to propose that technological affordances transmit cues that trigger cognitive heuristics leading to perceptions of presence. This paper identifies and describes a sample of heuristics triggered by modality, agency, interactivity, and navigability. Applications to 3D environments exemplify this approach by identifying specific cues and demonstrating the operation of the proposed heuristics en route to generating presence.