How to Grade for Learning, K-12
Ken O’Connor · Medical Entomology and Zoology · 2017
Foreword by Rick Stiggins Preface Acknowledgments About the Author Introduction What Grading Terminology Is Needed? What Is the Context of Grading? Constructivist Theories of Learning How Do These Concepts Affect Assessment? Why Grade? What Are the Underlying Perspectives on Grading? Grading Practices and Guidelines Grading Issues 1. Linking Grades Guideline 1 The Case of Michael's Amazing Passing Shop Grade What's the Purpose of the Guideline? What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? What's the Bottom Line? What's My Thinking Now? A Reflection on Guideline 1 2. Using Performance Standards Guideline 2 The Case of Sally's Shocking Grade What's the Purpose of the Guideline? What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? What's the Bottom Line? What's My Thinking Now? A Reflection on Guideline 2 3. Grading Individual Achievement Guideline 3 The Case of Rick's Mysterious Falling Grade What's the Purpose of the Guideline? What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? What's the Bottom Line? What's My Thinking Now? A Reflection on Guideline 3 4. Sampling Student Performance Guideline 4 The Case of Heather's Grim Grade What's the Purpose of the Guideline? What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? What's the Bottom Line? What's My Thinking Now? A Reflection on Guideline 4 5. Changing Grades Guideline 5 The Case of Anil's Amazing Improvement What's the Purpose of the Guideline? What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? What's the Bottom Line? What's My Thinking Now? A Reflection on Guideline 5 6. Crunching Numbers Guideline 6 The Case of Alexis' Absences What's the Purpose of the Guideline? What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? What's the Bottom Line? What's My Thinking Now? A Reflection on Guideline 6 7. Quality Assessment and Keeping Records Guideline 7 The Case of Brian's Boosted Grade What's the Purpose of the Guideline? What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? What's the Bottom Line? What's My Thinking Now? A Reflection on Guideline 7 8. Communicating With Students About Grades Guideline 8 The Case of Huan's Lunchtime Surprise What's the Purpose of the Guideline? What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline? What's the Bottom Line? What's My Thinking Now? A Reflection on Guideline 8 9. Putting It All Together Grade Book and Checklists Conclusion 10. More Grading Issues Grading Systems Grading Exceptional Students Computer Grading Programs Calculating Grade Point Averages Other Legal Issues Grading Policy 11. Communicating Student Achievement to Others Report Cards Expanded-Format Reporting Informal Communications Student-Involved Conferencing Summary 12. The Way Ahead De-emphasizing Traditional Grades Demystifying the Entire Grading Process Focusing on the Process of Learning Focusing on the Progress of the Individual Student Summary Recommendations What's My Thinking Now? Appendix I: Glossary Appendix II: Guidelines for Grading in Standards-Based Systems Appendix III: A Proposed Grading Policy Bibliography Additional Resources Index