Enhancing IoT Decentralization with IOTA 2.0: A DAG-Based Fast Probabilistic Consensus Framework
Ayat N. Kadhum, Ahmed M. Al-Salih · Journal of Intelligent Informatics Networking and Cybersecurity · 2025
The integration of IoT and blockchain enhances security, trust, and data integrity but is hindered by security attacks, scalability, and high latency. In this work, a more efficient method of consensus using Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based Fast Probabilistic Consensus (FPC) and Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) is proposed to yield better security, efficiency, and decentralization. By eliminating mining, resource use is optimized, and consensus is hastened. Experimental results show a high throughput of 7228.05 Transactions Per Second (TPS), rapid consensus formation in just 7.62 rounds on average, and high adversary resilience, with the system successfully mitigating 89% of adversarial attacks. IOTA 2.0 introduces a DAG-based, leaderless architecture designed for secure, scalable, and feeless transactions in IoT networks. It achieves high throughput and strong adversary resistance. Compared to existing blockchain-based IoT solutions like Nano, Avalanche, and Hash graph, IOTA 2.0 stands out by removing transaction fees and avoiding energy-intensive mining, making it ideal for resource-limited IoT environments. The results confirm that DAG-based consensus highly enhances the scalability, reliability, and security of blockchain networks in IoT applications. The proposed approach is a promising solution to decentralized, real-time decision systems, making them more efficient and secure in IoT-based blockchain networks.