Sharpening Kubernetes audit logs with context awareness
Matteo Franzil, Valentino Armani, Luis Augusto Dias Knob, Domenico Siracusa · Computer Networks · 2025
Kubernetes (K8s) has emerged as the de facto orchestrator of microservices, providing scalability and extensibility to a highly dynamic environment. It builds an intricate and deeply connected system that requires extensive monitoring capabilities to be properly managed. To this account, K8s natively offers audit logs, a powerful feature for tracking Application Programming Interface (API) interactions in the cluster. Audit logs provide a detailed and chronological record of all activities in the system. Unfortunately, K8s auditing suffers from several practical limitations: it generates large volumes of data continuously, as all components within the cluster interact and respond to user actions. Moreover, each action can trigger a cascade of secondary events dispersed across the log, with little to no explicit linkage, making it difficult to reconstruct the context behind user-initiated operations. In this paper, we introduce K8NTEXT, a novel approach for streamlining K8s audit logs by reconstructing contexts , i.e., grouping actions performed by actors on the cluster with the subsequent events these actions cause. Correlated API calls are automatically identified, labeled, and consistently grouped using a combination of inference rules and a Machine Learning (ML) model, largely simplifying data consumption. We evaluate K8NTEXT’s performance, scalability, and expressiveness both in systematic tests and with a series of use cases. We show that it consistently provides accurate context reconstruction, even for complex operations involving 50, 100 or more correlated actions, achieving over 95 % accuracy across the entire spectrum, from simple to highly composite actions.