Introduction and Implementation of Mechanism for Preventing Recipient Unapproved Transactions to Ethereum Blockchain System
Chuki Hayama, Yoko Kamidoi, Masataka Kawasaki, Shin’ichi Wakabayashi · IEEE Access · 2025
Cryptocurrencies are based on blockchains that are distributed ledgers for recording transactions. In 2024, these had a value of more than $3.70 Trillion in market capitalization. Ethereum is one of the most representative cryptocurrencies and dominates approximately 10% of total cryptoassets in 2025. The Ethereum blockchain system includes two types of account; contract accounts (CAs) and externally owned accounts (EOAs). We focus on the unilateral sending of cryptocurrencies to CAs and EOAs on Ethereum blockchain. We call this unilateral sending of cryptocurrencies without the recipient’s awareness, the recipient’s unapproved transactions. If the sender were malicious or criminal, the recipient of the unilateral sending might have been involved in some crime. In this paper, we provide two protection methods for CAs and EOAs on the Ethereum blockchain system and combine the two methods into a two-phase receipt mechanism for recipients to selectively reject unilateral sending of cryptocurrencies. We introduced and implemented this mechanism on open-source software for Ethereum developers, called Truffle Suite, and then executed experiments on a personal Ethereum blockchain called Ganache, provided by Truffle Suite. The experimental results demonstrated that the overhead of introducing the mechanism is reasonable at a few US dollars.