Quantum Generative Modeling for Calorimeter Simulations in Noisy Quantum Device
Saverio Monaco, Florian Rehm, M. Scham, Dirk Krücker, K. Borras, J. Slim · 2025
Quantum-based generative models offer a promising approach for simulating complex phenomena in high-energy physics, such as calorimeter showers used for particle identification and energy reconstruction at the LHC. We propose the Quantum Angle Generator (QAG), a variational quantum model trained with a Maximum Mean Discrepancy loss to generate images from the probabilistic outputs of quantum circuits. We study model and training hyperparameters, assess the impact of quantum noise during training and inference, and evaluate the QAG in both noiseless simulations and simulated Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum hardware. Results show that the QAG can adapt through learning to hardware-induced noise, yielding stable, high-quality outputs even under significant noise and calibration variability.