VNODE: A Piecewise Continuous Volterra Neural Network
Siddharth Roheda, Aniruddha Bala, Rohit Chowdhury, Rohan Jaiswal · 2026
This paper introduces Volterra Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (VNODE), a piecewise continuous Volterra Neural Network that integrates nonlinear Volterra filtering with continuous-time neural ordinary differential equations for image classification. Drawing inspiration from the visual cortex, where discrete event processing is interleaved with continuous integration, VNODE alternates between discrete Volterra feature extraction and ODE-driven state evolution. This hybrid formulation captures complex patterns while requiring substantially fewer parameters than conventional deep architectures. VNODE consistently outperforms stateof-the-art models with improved computational complexity as exemplified on benchmark datasets like CIFAR-10 and Imagenet-1K.