CoCoChain: A Concept-Aware Consensus Protocol for Secure Sensor Data Exchange in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Rubén Juárez Cádiz, Rubén Nicolás-Sans, Jose Fernández Tamames · Sensors · 2025
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) support safety-critical and traffic-optimization applications through low-latency, reliable V2X communication. However, securing integrity and auditability with blockchain is challenging because conventional BFT-style consensus incurs high message overhead and latency. We introduce CoCoChain, a concept-aware consensus mechanism tailored to VANETs. Instead of exchanging full payloads, CoCoChain trains a sparse autoencoder (SAE) offline on raw message payloads and encodes each message into a low-dimensional concept vector; only the top-k activations are broadcast during consensus. These compact semantic digests are integrated into a practical BFT workflow with per-phase semantic checks using a cosine-similarity threshold θ=0.85 (calibrated on validation data to balance detection and false positives). We evaluate CoCoChain in OMNeT++/SUMO across urban, highway, and multi-hop broadcast under congestion scenarios, measuring latency, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and Age of Information (AoI), and including adversaries that inject semantically corrupted concepts as well as cross-layer stress (RF jamming and timing jitter). Results show CoCoChain reduces consensus message overhead by up to 25% and confirmation latency by 20% while maintaining integrity with up to 20% Byzantine participants and improving information freshness (AoI) under high channel load. This work focuses on OBU/RSU semantic-aware consensus (not 6G joint sensing or multi-base-station fusion). The code, configs, and an anonymized synthetic replica of the dataset will be released upon acceptance.