Bringing Faces to Life: A Survey on Realistic Facial Expressions in 3D Virtual Characters
Bavneet Kaur, Gurpreet Singh Josan · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · 2025
Three-dimensional (3D) virtual characters have become increasingly prominent in gaming, virtual reality, and human-computer interaction. The growing demand for human-like characteristics in avatars underscores the need for realistic facial expressions and nuanced animations to enhance user engagement. Despite resembling humans, 3D avatars lack the subtle expressions needed for natural interaction. Achieving semantic accuracy, which captures the meaning and intensity of expressions, and expressive realism in facial animations remains a significant challenge. This survey examines state-of-the-art techniques and components contributing to 3D character realism, emphasizing the critical roles of wrinkles, micro-expressions, and illumination. These elements enrich emotional depth and interactivity, offering insights into creating engaging avatars. Challenges in making human faces realistic in computer graphics and animation are explored, along with applications like interactive entertainment and immersive environments. The findings provide a foundation for future research in facial modeling and animation, with implications for advancing immersive technologies and interactive applications.