Beyond Classical Security: Exploring the Landscape and the Effect of Artificial Intelligence in Quantum Cryptography
Bandyopadhyay, Asmit, Prithwineel Paul · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) · 2025
Quantum cryptography uses the properties of quantum mechanics to establish secure communication. In this paper, we at first summarize the concepts of qubits, superposition, entanglement, and the No-Cloning theorem and then we summarize quantum key distribution protocols based on these concepts. In particular, we illustrate BB84 and E91 protocols. These protocols explain the use of the properties of the quantum computing which protect key exchanges against eavesdropping. Quantum digital signatures and quantum secret sharing have shown that quantum cryptography is extremely flexible in ensuring data integrity and confidentiality. However, its potential also gives rise to problems such as channel loss in a quantum medium and error correction. This paper highlights the main aspects of quantum cryptography which works as a solution to the vulnerabilities inherent in classical cryptographic methods, particularly in light of threats from quantum computing. Furthermore, we discuss different quantum cryptographic protocols and their challenges, limitations, and applications. Also, we discuss different postquantum cryptographic (PQC) algorithms along with their comparative analysis and challenges in the implementation of these algorithms. Next, we explain the comparisons of different types of cryptography, i.e., classical, quantum and post-quantum cryptography which is followed by a discussion on the effect of artificial intelligence in quantum and postquantum cryptography. Finally, we end the paper with a discussion on applications of quantum cryptography and future directions of research in quantum and post-quantum cryptography.