A 7nW, 55 μm2 DC Process Monitor with Linear Temperature Tracking
Ramana Ranganatham, Roberto Ramos-Brito, Tejasvi Das · 2025
This paper presents a 7 nW, 55 μm2DC process monitor designed to provide a 1:1 linear mapping that yields a unique-value output for all process and temperature combinations. The proposed monitor is specifically designed to operate without the need for any external stimulus or clock while generating an analog DC output voltage suitable for directly biasing analog circuitry. It achieves a linear temperature coefficient of 1.01 mV/°C across a wide range of -40°C to 100°C. The design demonstrates excellent robustness to variability, with a low normalized standard deviation (σ) of 0.006 mV/mV and Figure-of-Merit (FoM) of 260.81. The monitor enables fast, continuous, and repeatable adaptive bias compensation or calibration without the need for synchronization or additional signal processing circuitry, thus enabling real-time calibration and compensation for process and temperature variations.