Feasibility and Limitations of Generalized Grover Search Algorithm-Based Quantum Asymmetric Cryptography: An Implementation Study on Quantum Hardware
Tzung‐Her Chen, Wei-Hsiang Hung · Electronics · 2025
The emergence of quantum computing poses significant threats to conventional public-key cryptography, driving the urgent need for quantum-resistant cryptographic solutions. While quantum key distribution addresses secure key exchange, its dependency on symmetric keys and point-to-point limitations present scalability constraints. Quantum Asymmetric Encryption (QAE) offers a promising alternative by leveraging quantum mechanical principles for security. This paper presents the first practical implementation of a QAE protocol on IBM Quantum devices, building upon the theoretical framework originally proposed by Yoon et al. We develop a generalized Grover Search Algorithm (GSA) framework that supports non-standard initial quantum states through novel diffusion operator designs, extending its applicability beyond idealized conditions. The complete QAE protocol, including key generation, encryption, and decryption stages, is translated into executable quantum circuits and evaluated on both IBM Quantum simulators and real quantum hardware. Experimental results demonstrate significant scalability challenges, with success probabilities deteriorating considerably for larger systems. The 2-qubit implementation achieves near-perfect accuracy (100% on the simulator, and 93.88% on the hardware), while performance degrades to 78.15% (simulator) and 45.84% (hardware) for 3 qubits, and declines critically to 48.08% (simulator) and 7.63% (hardware) for 4 qubits. This degradation is primarily attributed to noise and decoherence effects in current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices, highlighting the limitations of single-iteration GSA approaches. Our findings underscore the critical need for enhanced hardware fidelity and algorithmic optimization to advance the practical viability of quantum cryptographic systems, providing valuable insights for bridging the gap between theoretical quantum cryptography and real-world implementations.