Covariance Alignment: From Maximum Likelihood Estimation to Gromov–Wasserstein
Yanjun Han, Philippe Rigollet, George Stepaniants · SIAM Journal on Mathematics of Data Science · 2025
Abstract. Feature alignment methods are used in many scientific disciplines for data pooling, annotation, and comparison. As an instance of a permutation learning problem, feature alignment presents significant statistical and computational challenges. In this work, we propose the covariance alignment model to study and compare various alignment methods and establish a minimax lower bound for covariance alignment that has a nonstandard dimension scaling because of the presence of a nuisance parameter. This lower bound is in fact minimax optimal and is achieved by a natural quasi maximum likelihood estimator. However, this estimator involves a search over all permutations which is computationally infeasible even when the problem has moderate size. To overcome this limitation, we show that the celebrated Gromov–Wasserstein algorithm from optimal transport, which is more amenable to fast implementation even on large-scale problems, is also minimax optimal. These results give the first statistical justification for the deployment of the Gromov–Wasserstein algorithm in practice.