A Framework for Energy Storage Modelling in Real-Time Applications
Thomas S. Bryden, Daniel J. Rogers, Andrew J. Hutchinson, Daniel Thomas Gladwin, Sam Eardley, Jonathan W. Radcliffe, Arman Alahyari, Sheng Wang, Charalampos Patsios, Hui Yan, Andrew John Forsyth · 2025
Coordinating geographically distributed Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) on the electricity grid can provide system benefits when compared to operating the ESSs independently. To ensure correct operation before deployment, coordination strategies can be tested on real-time simulators. In this paper, we propose real-time ESS models to run on real-time simulators. The ESS models include communication subsystems and grid voltage measurements. Three different types of storage models (lithium-ion battery, flow battery and liquid air) are created and details are given regarding adapting the models for real-time operation. Finally, we demonstrate the models created using a frequency response coordination strategy. The demonstration increases confidence that the coordination strategy would work as expected if deployed to a real fleet of ESSs.