Advancing Segment Anything Model for Efficient Salient Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images
Jiehua Zhang, Li Liu, Zhuo Su, Tianpeng Liu, Zhen Liu, Matti Pietikäinen · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · 2025
Salient object detection in optical remote sensing images (ORSI-SOD) often relies on leveraging pre-trained knowledge from natural images to achieve high accuracy with limited training data. Traditional methods typically employ vision backbones (e.g., Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) or Vision Transformers (ViTs)) pre-trained on ImageNet to extract features from ORSI scenes. However, these backbones exhibit limited generalization across diverse scenarios compared to recent vision foundation models. To this end, we propose ORSI-SAM, a novel ORSI-SOD framework based on the Segment Anything Model (SAM), leveraging its superior generalization capabilities to achieve an exceptional efficiency-accuracy trade-off. Specifically, ORSI-SAM adopts lightweight SAM as the backbone, effectively reducing parameter size and computational overhead to enable efficient deployment on satellite devices while retaining the rich knowledge learned from large-scale natural image datasets. To mitigate the impact of unavailable prompts in ORSI-SOD on the prediction capability of the SAM decoder, we introduce a Hierarchical Interaction Prompt Generator (HIPG), which aggregates hierarchical features and generates mask prompts tailored for salient objects to guide the decoder in producing high-quality saliency maps. Furthermore, to address the recognition challenges caused by the inherent characteristics of ORSIs, we propose a Semantic-Aware Refinement Decoder (SARD). SARD integrates structural details from low-level features to enrich fine-grained object information while leveraging high-level features to suppress redundant interference in shallow layers, thereby improving the detailed information in the predicted saliency map. ORSI-SAM is the first work to explore the accuracy-efficiency trade-offs for ORSI-SOD based on SAM architecture. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets show that ORSI-SAM achieves superior performance compared to recent state-of-the-art methods with 12.2M parameters and 8.9G FLOPs.