MathML and other XML Technologies for Accessible PDF from LATEX
Frank G. Mittelbach, Ulrike Fischer, David P. Carlisle, Joseph Wright · 2025
In this paper we describe the current approach to using MathML within Tagged PDF to enhance the accessibility of mathematical (STEM) documents. While MathML is specified by the PDF 2.0 specification as a standard namespace for PDF Structure Elements, the interaction of MathML, which is defined as an XME vocabulary, and PDF Structure Elements (which are not defined as XME) is left unspecified by the PDF standard. This has necessitated the development of formalizations to interpret and validate PDF Structure Trees as XME, which are also introduced in this paper.