A DeepConvLSTM Approach for Continuous Authentication Using Operational System Performance Counters
César Andrade, Hendrio Luis de Souza Bragança, Horácio Fernandes, Eduardo Luzeiro Feitosa, Eduardo Souto · IET Biometrics · 2025
Authentication in personal and corporate computer systems predominantly relies on login and password credentials, which are vulnerable to unauthorized access, especially when genuine users leave their devices unlocked. To address this issue, continuous authentication (CA) systems based on behavioral biometrics have gained attention. Traditional CA models leverage user–device interactions, such as mouse movements, typing dynamics, and speech recognition. This paper introduces a novel approach that utilizes system performance counters—attributes such as memory usage, CPU load, and network activity—collected passively by operating systems (OSs), to develop a robust and low‐intrusive authentication mechanism. Our method employs a deep network architecture combining convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with long short‐term memory (LSTM) layers to analyze temporal patterns and identify unique user behaviors. Unlike traditional methods, performance counters capture subtle system‐level usage patterns that are harder to mimic, enhancing security and resilience to attacks. We integrate a trust model into the CA framework to balance security and usability by avoiding interruptions for genuine users while blocking impostors in real‐time. We evaluate our approach using two new datasets, COUNT‐SO‐I (26 users) and COUNT‐SO‐II (37 users), collected in real‐world scenarios without specific task constraints. Our results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, achieving 99% detection accuracy (ACC) for impostor users within an average of 17.2 s, while maintaining seamless user experiences. These findings highlight the potential of performance counter–based CA systems for practical applications, such as safeguarding sensitive systems in corporate, governmental, and personal environments.