Quantum Annealing for Optimizing Unit Scheduling in Renewable Energy Systems: Formulation and Evaluation
Sven Müller, M. Dukalski, Frank Phillipson · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · 2025
This paper investigates the use of Quantum Annealing (QA) devices for optimizing unit scheduling in renewable energy systems, addressing the challenge of energy balancing with intermittent generation. We compare two approaches for encoding inequality constraints in Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) formulations: (a) the conventional slack-variable-based method and (b) a novel soft-encoding technique called unbalanced penalization. This first application of unbalanced penalization in the energy and power systems domain, aims to disseminate knowledge about near-term applications of quantum-computing and how to make best use of it within the community. Through computational experiments, we find thatUnbalanced Penalizationconsistently outperforms the conventional method of using slack variables by reducing the number of variables in the QUBO formulation. Despite this, its inherent nature penalizes feasible solutions unevenly, preventing the ability to handle much larger problem sizes. More broadly, we observe that both methods-like most pure quantum approaches-struggle with scalability on current QA hardware, as solution quality declines with increasing problem size. In light of these limitations, we assess the feasibility of purely quantum solutions and argue that hybrid approaches remain the most practical path forward.