SHIELD: PSO-Based Hardware Trojan Detection for Efficient and Low-Cost Defense
Mostafa Hosseini, Ali Azarpeyvand, Mahdi Taheri, Tara Ghasempouri, Maksim Jenihhin · 2025
Semiconductor supply chain vulnerability presents a significant obstacle to creating reliable systems. At various phases of the Integrated Circuit (IC) design life-cycle, malicious modifications, known as Hardware Trojans (HTs), can be introduced. Logic testing, a widely recognized approach for Automatic test pattern Generation (ATPG) in HT detection, encounters substantial challenges due to the vast complexity of the search space, making it impractical and leading to inadequate trigger coverage. This paper proposes a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based method that leverages information on effective inputs to facilitate the detection of conditionally triggered ultra-small HTs. An evaluation of the technique on ISCAS-85 benchmarks reveals substantial improvements in trigger coverage and a notable reduction in runtime compared to state-of-the-art methods.