Trends in energy efficient hierarchical clustering for wireless sensor networks: from LEACH enhancements to multi-level protocols in emerging IoT applications
Abhishek Pandey, Aruna Malik · 2025
Wireless Sensor Network (WSNS) appeared as a game changer for many domains such as environmental monitoring, health care, and smart city. However, limited power resources for sensors require an energy efficiency challenge. Network availability has a unique technique for efficiency improvement; the cluster hierarchy has increased energy efficiency, as initiation of adaption of the communication is reduced and unnecessary broadcasting is introduced. Energy-efficient hierarchical clustering protocols a review of design strategies, benefits and limitations. This review provides a comprehensive investigation of energy-efficient hierarchical clustering protocols. Pre-installed protocols like Leach, Teen, and Pegasis are studied and targeted for improving network life, scalability, and data transmission efficiency. Energy consumption, periods of throwing and network, etc., are performed to evaluate the protocol efficiency. This review summarizes state-of-the-art strategies and emphasizes present-day gaps, and outlines future research approaches to enhance hierarchical clustering methods for long-lived wireless sensor networks.