Face Spoofing Detection with Stacking Ensembles in Work Time Registration System
Rafał Klinowski, Mirosław Kordos · Applied Sciences · 2025
This paper introduces a passive face-authenticity detection system, designed for integration into an employee work time registration platform. The system is implemented as a stacking ensemble of multiple models. Each model independently assesses whether a camera is capturing a live human face or a spoofed representation, such as a photo or video. The ensemble comprises a convolutional neural network (CNN), a smartphone bezel-detection algorithm to identify faces displayed on electronic devices, a face context analysis module, and additional CNNs for image processing. The outputs of these models are aggregated by a neural network that delivers the final classification decision. We examined various combinations of models within the ensemble and compared the performance of our approach against existing methods through experimental evaluation.