Metaverse Journey Exploring Requirements, Architectural Frameworks, Standards, Challenges and Vision
Mahtab Khalid, Ahthasham Sajid, Arshad Mehmood, Khongorzul Dashdondov · ICCK Transactions on Advanced Computing and Systems · 2025
The Metaverse is an emerging paradigm that integrates immersive digital technologies to create a unified, persistent, and interconnected 3D virtual space with transformative potential across work, education, healthcare, and daily life. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the Metaverse, covering its historical evolution, core characteristics, architectural frameworks, key enabling technologies, standardization efforts, and open challenges. We propose a tripartite architecture comprising infrastructure, interactivity, and ecosystem layers, and provide a structured overview of relevant standards including IEEE 2888, IEEE P2048, IEEE P7016, and ISO/IEC 23005. Seven essential technological requirements are examined, spanning networking and communication, ubiquitous computing, digital twins, extended reality, artificial intelligence, big data management, and jurisdictional challenges. Critical research gaps are identified, including the absence of a consensus architectural standard, unresolved security and privacy concerns, and underdeveloped cross-border legal frameworks. This work provides researchers and practitioners with a structured foundation for understanding the current state of the Metaverse and its future development trajectory.