Cyber-Physical Systems and Security in Smart Cities
Usman Khalil, Adbdulhalim Dandoush · 2025
This chapter explores the integration of blockchain technology within cyber-physical systems (CPS), focusing on its application in smart houses, smart districts, and federated mechanisms. The chapter delves into the potential of blockchain to enhance security and privacy in IoT-enabled environments, particularly through blockchain-enabled IoT-embedded assets. A thorough examination of the challenges associated with current blockchain-based authentication systems is presented, highlighting issues such as security concerns, communication vulnerabilities, and inadequate authentication mechanisms. To address these limitations, the chapter proposes NFT-enabled solutions for the cyber-physical environment, leveraging permissioned networks and IBFT 2.0 consensus mechanisms to prioritize security services.