Toward Sustainable Wireless Sensor Networks: An Integrated Approach to Energy Conservation and Protocol Design
Sunil Kumar Yadav, Ruchi Sharma, Kiran Mayee Adavala - · International Journal on Science and Technology · 2025
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become pivotal in enabling real-time monitoring and data acquisition in remote and inaccessible environments. However, the limited energy resources of sensor nodes, typically powered by non-rechargeable batteries, pose a significant constraint on network longevity. This paper investigates the critical factors affecting the lifespan and sustainability of WSNs, including communication overhead, node failures, environmental impacts, and energy dissipation. The study examines how advanced communication protocols—such as LEACH, PEGASIS, and TEEN—contribute to energy efficiency through mechanisms like clustering, dynamic topology control, and adaptive duty cycling. Furthermore, the integration of data aggregation, compressive sensing, and energy harvesting techniques is explored to optimize network performance. The paper also highlights the importance of secure data transmission, adaptive MAC protocols, and AI-driven topology optimization in mitigating energy-related challenges. By synthesizing these strategies, this research provides a comprehensive framework for enhancing the energy efficiency and practical deployment of WSNs in real-world scenarios.