User Plane Positioning in 5G Networks: A Design Space Study for Implementation
Nico Kalis, Christian D. Haubelt, Frank Golatowski · 2025
Fast and accurate positioning of medical service robots is a challenging task. Therefore, this paper presents a performance analysis of various implementation designs around the Location Services User Plane Protocol (LCS-UPP), which is used in fifth generation (5 G) networks to transport positionrelated data. More precisely, the transport time of the LCSUPP is examined depending on the transported LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) payload size, different Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 implementations and the successive movement of the data path to the underlying Linux operating system. For this purpose, a Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W in combination with the Quectel RM520N-GL modem as a $\mathbf{5 G}$ user equipment (UE) as well as three additional Raspberry Pi 5 and the Ettus USRP B210 Software Defined Radio (SDR), which form the radio access and the core network, are used. The results show that the transport time of the LCS-UPP can be reduced by 42.01%, if the QUICbased MsQuic user space library is used instead of the wolfSSL library that based on the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Also the complete movement of the LCS-UPP data path to the Linux operating system decreases the transport time by 5.84% and 16.95% compared to the wolfSSL library and the in-kernel TLS implementation of Linux, respectively.