Quantum Resistant Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol (AKA) for Autonomous Vehichle
Weiqi Wang, Soo Fun Tan · 2025
The widespread adoption of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) presents vast potential for revolutionizing consumer behavior and society. Projections from a McKinsey report suggest that the ADAS and autonomous driving market could soar to $55 to $80 billion by 2030. However, amidst this growth, escalating security incidents and privacy breaches underscore the pressing need to address security risks and threats. While the Authenticate and Key Agreement Protocol (AKA) protocol has been pivotal in mitigating these security threats, recent AKA protocol faces the challenge of quantum attacks, particularly in scenarios such as ‘intercept now, decrypt later’, for example, sensitive personal information processing in financial transactions, medical systems, etc., hackers first intercept and store encrypted traffic data, and later decrypt it at a later time with the computation of quantum computing. The heavy computation of recent quantum-resistant cryptography and the high complexity of their communication and message exchanges hinder their applicability in supporting AKA protocols in the Autonomous driving industry. To address these research gaps, this paper investigates the recent works of AKA protocol in securing autonomous driving. Subsequently, this paper proposes V2X model and a quantum-resistant AKA protocol using lightweight post-quantum cryptography based on a lattice-based approach.