An Improved Image Watermarking Technique in Spatial Domain Using Histogram Equalization and Compass Edge Detection with Adaptive Alpha Blending Technique
Sidhanta Kumar Balabantaray, Manas Ranjan Nayak, Bishwabara Panda, Mahendra Kumar Gourisaria, Abhishek Basu, Tanvir Habib Sardar · 2025
The widespread adoption of the online networks and modern technology has changed our society and daily routines . However, preservation of this data and avoiding unlawful alterations have become crucial tasks. This issue spans several areas, such as copyright protection, content verification, and information concealment. In response, researchers have developed various digital watermarking techniques for copyright protection. The suggested method in this context introduces an image watermarking approach consists of histogram equalization, a compass edge detection, and alpha blending technique. Histogram is used for enhancing data hiding capacity. Less noticeable areas in an image are identified by compass edge detection method which ensures higher robustness by embedding more information according to histogram. Alterations in these less prominent areas are less perceptible to viewers. Finally, the approach's performance is evaluated against several existing frameworks using quality metrics.