Effects on the Incidence of Hate Crime
Joost van Spanje, Rachid Azrout · 2025
Abstract This chapter addresses the question of the effect of hate speech prosecution of politicians on the occurrence of hate crime. It does so based on two data sources. On the one hand, tweets from one country between 2014 and 2021. On the other hand, police report data from eight countries between 2001 and 2020. We distinguish between several stages in the prosecution in assessing their impact. With regard to hate crime, we examine various categories, including violent and non-violent, bias motivation, ideological motivation, and online and offline hate crime, and observe differences in how each of these categories is affected.