Enhancing Wireless Sensor Network performance: A Novel Adaptive Grid-Based Clustering Hierarchy protocol
Mohammad Ridwan, Teguh Wahyono, Irwan Sembiring, Rini Darmastuti · Array · 2025
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are essential for data collection in remote and energy-constrained environments such as forests and deserts. However, traditional clustering protocols like LEACH often face limitations including uneven energy consumption, inefficient Cluster Head (CH) selection, and high communication overhead , which collectively degrade network performance. This paper introduces AG-LEACH (Adaptive Grid-Based LEACH), a novel clustering protocol that incorporates dynamic grid partitioning to optimize cluster formation, CH selection, and data transmission. AG-LEACH employs adaptive grid sizing, adaptive grid merging, and adaptive cluster head selection, enabling dynamic responses to variations in node energy and network topology changes. Simulation results demonstrate that AG-LEACH outperforms conventional protocols by maintaining higher energy efficiency, prolonging network lifetime, and improving data throughput while minimizing packet loss . The protocol also reduces communication distance by intelligently routing data, leading to lower transmission energy and latency. These findings indicate that AG-LEACH is a scalable and adaptive solution for energy-efficient WSN deployments, with strong potential for real-world applications in large-scale and dynamic sensing environments.