Risks and Challenges of the Internet of Things: An Analytical Review of Previous Studies and Future Research Directions
Zaid Ali Alsarray, Sana Ahmed Kadhim · Journal Port Science Research · 2025
Key Challenges:Ineffective or absent built-built-in security measures, lack of continuous updates, complexity of multi-layered device security.Specific Risks: Cyberattacks, hacking, data breaches, botnet formation (DDoS attacks), malware infection, physical tampering, and vulnerabilities originating from the supply chain [71--76].