CYBERPHYSICAL SYSTEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING: CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS FOR CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS
Ihor Hanhalo, Vadym Chitulyan · Cybersecurity Education Science Technique · 2025
This paper theoretically substantiates the concept of building distributed environmental monitoring systems for water resources, taking into account modern corporate cybersecurity challenges in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war and related threats to critical infrastructure. The evolution of cyber threat vectors for IoT infrastructure for environmental purposes under hybrid warfare conditions is analyzed, and a theoretical model of multi-level protection based on the synergy of distributed ledger technologies, adaptive machine learning algorithms, and post-quantum cryptographic protocols is proposed. A conceptual system architecture is developed that takes into account the specifics of functioning under martial law and potential state-level cyberattacks, including international-level backup in NATO countries, national-level distributed data centers, and regional-level enhanced autonomy. Special attention is paid to system survivability under conditions of physical infrastructure destruction and graceful degradation of functionality while maintaining critical monitoring operations even with the loss of up to 70% of components. A mathematical model of a cyber-physical system based on operations research theory is proposed, which allows optimizing the distribution of security resources under conditions of multi-criteria uncertainty, taking into account the military risk multiplier and system adaptability functions. Metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of war-adapted architecture compared to traditional approaches are developed, including indicators of cyber threat resilience, energy efficiency, post-attack recovery speed, and operational autonomy. The system provides resistance to electromagnetic pulses up to 50 kV/m and supports federated learning for IoT in the concept of "guerrilla" machine learning under unstable communications. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using the proposed solutions to modernize existing water management industry systems in Ukraine, taking into account the military context and prospects for post-war critical infrastructure recovery, as well as adaptation for other critical infrastructure sectors, including energy, transport, and telecommunications.