FrameVoting: A Robust and Fast Method of Using Gaze Estimations to Identify Objects of Interest
Kao Den Chang, He‐Yen Hsieh, H. T. Kung, Ziyun Li, Sai Qian Zhang · 2025
We introduce FrameVoting, a voting-based method for real-time, gaze-driven object identification. It is a training-free method that incurs small computation and low processing latency, making the method ideal for wearable devices. In FrameVoting, the Point of Gaze (PoG) in each frame is used to define a potential region of interest. Regions across multiple frames are compared using the Sum of Absolute Differences (SAD) as a similarity measure. Each frame votes for the region from each of the other frames that is most similar to the region in the current frame, and only the region receiving the most votes is considered as the user’s region of interest and sent to a classifier for inference. FrameVoting thus eliminates the need for frame-by-frame bounding box retrieval and object detection required by traditional methods, thereby reducing computation overhead and latency. The method is robust, as it eliminates the need for threshold-tuning to determine whether gaze estimations are focused on a specific object. Further, the method is efficient and fast, as inference is only performed on the most-voted region, and the SAD computation is highly parallelizable. Our experiments on the AEA Dataset demonstrate that FrameVoting reduces the frequency of inferences by 95.6% compared to frame-by-frame object detection, while still accurately identifying the user’s objects of interest in real-time at 30 fps on a Raspberry Pi 5.