HardHarvest: Hardware-Supported Core Harvesting for Microservices
Jovan Stojkovic, C.Richard Liu, Muhammad Mateen Shahbaz, Josep Torrellas · 2025
In microservice environments, users size their virtual machines (VMs) for peak loads, leaving cores idle much of the time.To improve core utilization and overall throughput, it is instructive to consider a recently-introduced software technique for environments with relatively long-running monolithic applications: Core Harvesting.With this technique, Harvest VMs running batch applications temporarily steal idle cores allocated by Primary VMs running latency-critical applications, and return them on demand.Unfortunately, re-assigning cores across VMs has substantial overhead, resulting from hypervisor calls, context switching, and flushing TLBs/caches.While such overhead is acceptable in monolithic application environments, it would be prohibitive in environments with sub-millisecond microservices.To address this problem, this paper proposes, for the first time, an architecture for core harvesting in hardware.The architecture, called HardHarvest, targets microservices.It aims to: 1) maximize core utilization, 2) minimize impact on Primary VM tail latency, and 3) boost Harvest VM throughput.HardHarvest eliminates software overheads by using in-hardware request scheduling and partitioning TLBs/caches with a smart replacement algorithm.On average, compared to state-of-the-art software core harvesting, HardHarvest increases core utilization by 1.5×, increases Harvest VM throughput by 1.8×, and reduces Primary VM tail latency by 6.0×.