When Mitigations Backfire: Timing Channel Attacks and Defense for PRAC-Based RowHammer Mitigations
Jeonghyun Woo, Joy Qu, Gururaj Saileshwar, Prashant J. Nair · 2025
Per Row Activation Counting (PRAC) has emerged as a robust framework for mitigating RowHammer (RH) vulnerabilities in modern DRAM systems.However, we uncover a critical vulnerability: a timing channel introduced by the Alert Back-Off (ABO) protocol and Refresh Management (RFM) commands.We present PRACLeak, a novel attack that exploits these timing differences to leak sensitive information, such as secret keys from vulnerable AES implementations, by monitoring memory access latencies.To counter this, we propose Timing-Safe PRAC (TPRAC), a defense that eliminates PRAC-induced timing channels without compromising RH mitigation efficacy.TPRAC uses Timing-Based RFMs, issued periodically and independent of memory activity.It requires only a single-entry in-DRAM mitigation queue per DRAM bank and is compatible with existing DRAM standards.Our evaluations demonstrate that TPRAC closes timing channels while incurring only 3.4% performance overhead at the RH threshold of 1024. CCS Concepts• Security and privacy → Security in hardware.