Coordination of Directional Over-Current Relays using Hybrid Fractional Computing with Gravitational Search Strategy and Entropy Evolution
Mubashar Javed, Laiq Khan, Yasir Muhammad, Markus Wagner · 2025
Directional over-current relays (DOCRs) are key to maintaining power system stability by ensuring prompt fault clearance. However, optimizing the coordination between primary and backup relays remains a challenge due to nonlinear constraints and the risk of premature convergence in conventional optimization techniques. In this paper, we introduce a novel Hybrid Fractional Entropy Evolution (HFEE) framework that embeds fractional calculus with an entropy-guided adaptation scheme into the established PSOGSA algorithm. HFEE leverages fractional-order velocity updates to accelerate convergence and employs Shannon entropy to sustain population diversity. Extensive simulations on IEEE 3, 8, 15, and 30 bus systems indicate that HFEE reduces total relay operating time by 10-20% versus contemporary methodologies while ensuring compliance with strict coordination constraints. The results confirm the framework's robustness and scalability for complex power system protection scenarios.