An Efficient and Low-Cost Design of Modular Reduction for CRYSTALS-Kyber
Zhengwu Huang, Sizhe Chen, Pengyue Sun, Ding Deng, Guangfu Sun · Electronics · 2025
After being selected as a standard for Post-Quantum Cryptography Key Encapsulation Mechanisms by NIST, CRYSTALS-Kyber has driven the transformation of the information security field toward new standards. In CRYSTALS-Kyber, modular reduction is crucial for performance optimization. This paper proposes a bitwise modular reduction design based on Dadda tree compression arrays, achieving higher parallelism through a strategy that combines bitwise modular reduction with hybrid compression arrays. As our experiments show, it only costs 91 LUTs when implemented on Xilinx Artix-7 FPGA. Compared with the leading hardware implementations, the Area–Time Product (ATP) is reduced by 16.43%~87.69%.