Edge Computing and Fog Computing Paradigms for Ultra Low Latency IoT Based Smart City Applications
Revathi Thiyagarajan, M. Arivamudhan · 2025
Edge and fog computing paradigms have emerged as pivotal enablers for meeting the ultra–low‑latency requirements of Internet‑of‑Things (IoT) applications in contemporary smart city environments. This chapter presents a systematic examination of hierarchical and hybrid orchestration architectures, highlighting the roles of edge nodes and fog clusters in distributing computational workloads to minimize end‑to‑end response times. Detailed analysis of distributed consensus mechanisms and adaptive microservice partitioning underscores the importance of fault tolerance and dynamic resource allocation in maintaining sub‑10 millisecond latencies under variable network conditions. Standardized benchmarking methodologies are introduced to evaluate control‑plane overhead, while empirical case studiesspanning real‑time traffic signal control and public‑safety video analyticsdemonstrate the performance gains achievable through strategic edge–fog deployments. Critical challenges, including scalability, security, and interoperability, are delineated, and future research directions are proposed to guide the evolution of resilient, high‑performance IoT infrastructures.