A Memory Representation of Random Forests Optimized for Resource-Limited Embedded Devices
Justin Beaurivage, Messaoud Ahmed Ouameur, Frédéric Domingue · IEEE Embedded Systems Letters · 2025
Random forests are a versatile and effective machine learning technique widely applied across various tasks. With the increasing demand for deploying machine learning models on resource-constrained embedded devices, such as microcontrollers, challenges arise from the growing complexity of modern datasets. These challenges often result in models that are too large in memory and storage requirements to be feasibly implemented on small devices. In this work, we propose a lossless memory representation of random forests that significantly limits the amount of random-access memory (RAM) required for prediction tasks, while also reducing the amount of non-volatile memory needed to store the model. The approach achieves efficiency by embedding the data of leaf nodes within the decision nodes, thereby streamlining the tree structure. Additionnally, it supports in-place prediction without requiring a decompression step. To evaluate our method, we implemented four random forests derived from real-world datasets onto four microcontroller platforms. Our results demonstrate that prediction tasks can be performed using at most 144 bytes of RAM for classification tasks, and at most 48 bytes for regression tasks, while memory accesses account for a maximum of 27.0% of the total CPU cycles. On the fastest platform, prediction times ranged between 59 and 75 μs, highlighting the suitability of this method for a variety of real-time applications.