Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Decision Tree Inference via Homomorphic Matrix Multiplication and Leaf Node Pruning
Satoshi Fukui, Lihua Wang, Seiichi Ozawa · Applied Sciences · 2025
Cloud computing is widely used by organizations and individuals to outsource computation and data storage. With the growing adoption of machine learning as a service (MLaaS), machine learning models are being increasingly deployed on cloud platforms. However, operating MLaaS on the cloud raises significant privacy concerns, particularly regarding the leakage of sensitive personal data and proprietary machine learning models. This paper proposes a privacy-preserving decision tree (PPDT) framework that enables secure predictions on sensitive inputs through homomorphic matrix multiplication within a three-party setting involving a data holder, a model holder, and an outsourced server. Additionally, we introduce a leaf node pruning (LNP) algorithm designed to identify and retain the most informative leaf nodes during prediction with a decision tree. Experimental results show that our approach reduces prediction computation time by approximately 85% compared to conventional protocols, without compromising prediction accuracy. Furthermore, the LNP algorithm alone achieves up to a 50% reduction in computation time compared to approaches that do not employ pruning.