Modified MOND Inertia and Covariant Vacuum State
Yuanxin Li · Preprints.org · 2025
In this paper, we investigate the inertia of macroscopic objects using a mean field approach. Hence, this approach naturally leads to inertia being described within the framework of thermodynamics. We regard the Hubble constant as the order parameter to describe the overall behavior of the universe. The dynamics are given by the equation of the Kuramoto-like form. The equilibrium solution of the equation is consistent with MOND theory. As a result, the state of the universe at large scales enters local dynamics in small systems, such as galaxies. We also show that the vacuum energy density arising from zero-point fluctuations and symmetry breakings is acceleration-dependent. By requiring that the vacuum state is covariant, all acceleration-dependent vacuum energy should be regarded as non-physical.