Performance Evaluation of Post-Quantum Cryptography Algorithms for Secure Communication in Wireless Networks
Babatunde Ojetunde, Takuya Kurihara, Kazuto Yano, Toshikazu Sakano, Hiroyuki Yokoyama · 2025
The need for secure communication in the advent of fully developed quantum computers is underscored by the ongoing standardization of Post-Quantum Cryptography algorithms (PQC). However, due to the complexity and long processing time of PQC algorithms, it is impractical to use them directly in most applications. Therefore, a practical implementation, especially in applications that may be vulnerable to quantum attacks, is essential. This paper proposes PQC-based and PQC-AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) hybrid Public Key Encryption (PKE) protocols to secure the communication of application data transmitted between two parties. The parties securely exchange their PQC keys using a PQC Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM) scheme. In the PQC-based PKE, the exchanged PQC public keys (asymmetric key cryptography) are used to encrypt data for network transmission. To decrypt the encrypted data, each party uses their private PQC secret key, known only to them, enabling secure end-to-end communication. In the PQC-AES hybrid PKE, a two-way shared secret key is used to generate a symmetric key (symmetric key cryptography) for encryption and decryption. The performance of the proposed protocols is evaluated through experiments with PQC algorithms in a client-server file transfer application. The evaluation results highlight the necessity of considering security, latency, and other metrics when implementing PQC algorithms in various applications. It is confirmed that KYBER1024 and BIKE-L1 achieved similar throughput in comparison to using the conventional AES-256 key encryption algorithm without extensive overheads in the wireless network for a smaller load (e.g., 1 KB size), while the PQC-AES hybrid cryptography protocol may be suitable for applications where the data size is larger,