Pixel recurrence based image watermarking for block based integrity verification
Radha Ramesh Murapaka, A. V. S. Pavan Kumar, Aditya Kumar Sahu · International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics · 2025
This paper proposes a pixel recurrence-based digital image watermarking (PRDIW) scheme to identify the tampered blocks from an image. The proposed scheme obtains two mirrored image (MI) blocks consisting of 2×2 pixels from each carrier image (CI) pixel block. Next, a one-digit integrity value (ivone) is computed from each block and encoded inside the block to identify the tampered blocks successfully. Additionally, the proposed scheme is reversible. Therefore, it can successfully recover the CI and the encoded watermark bits at the receiving end. The results of the proposed scheme suggest that the quality of the obtained watermarked images (WIs) is superior, with an average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 56.11 dB, 54.68 dB and 53.05 dB, 51.68 dB while watermarking 65,536 and 131,072 bits, respectively. At the same time, the structural similarity index (SSIM) for the entire obtained watermarked image is superior to that of the existing works.