Artificial intelligence in education and EFL teachers’ attitudes: scale development and validation
Javad Ahmadi Fatalaki, Zari Saeedi, Ebrahim Sheikhzadeh Marand, Ali Reza Nasiri Firuz · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · 2025
With the increasing interest in utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) technology to address educational challenges, there is a need for the development of measurement scales to assess stakeholders’ attitudes toward the application of AI. This study aimed to construct and validate an instrument for measuring EFL teachers’ attitudes toward AI and its integration into educational practices. The initial item pool was generated through a comprehensive review of relevant literature and subsequently subjected to expert panel evaluation to ensure content validity. Following the calculation of Item-Content Validity Indices (Item-CVIs), a revised version of the scale consisting of 36 items was developed. The scale was then administered to a pilot sample of 569 EFL teachers and subsequently validated with a separate sample of 345 teachers. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine the factor structure and model fit. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed the extraction of five major factors, namely Interest, Intention to use, Ethical concerns, Usefulness for Learners, and Usefulness for Teachers. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to assess various fit indices, which were subsequently reported. The scale developed in this study has the potential to contribute to the future research on teachers’ receptiveness toward technology adoption.