BoxRF: A New Machine Learning Algorithm for Grade Estimation
Ishmael Anafo, Rajive Ganguli, Narmandakh Sarantsatsral · Applied Sciences · 2025
A new machine learning algorithm, BoxRF, was developed specifically for estimating grades from drillhole datasets. The method combines the features of classical estimation methods, such as search boxes, search direction, and estimation based on inverse distance methods, with the robustness of random forest (RF) methods that come from forming numerous random groups of data. The method was applied to a porphyry copper deposit, and results were compared to various ML methods, including XGBoost (XGB), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), neural nets (NN), and RF. Scikit-learn RF (SRF) performed the best (R2 = 0.696) among the ML methods but underperformed BoxRF (R2 = 0.751). The results were confirmed through a five-fold cross-validation exercise where BoxRF once again outperformed SRF. The box dimensions that performed the best were similar in length to the ranges indicated by variogram modeling, thus demonstrating a link between machine learning and traditional methods. Numerous combinations of hyperparameters performed similarly well, implying the method is robust. The inverse distance method was found to better represent the grade–space relationship in BoxRF than median values. The superiority of BoxRF over SRF in this dataset is encouraging, as it opens the possibility of improving machine learning by incorporating domain knowledge (principles of geology, in this case).