Quantum Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum CDMA Communication Systems: Mathematical Foundations
Mohammad Amir Dastgheib, Jawad A. Salehi, Mohammad Rezai · IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering · 2025
This paper describes the fundamental principles and mathematical foundations of Quantum Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum Code Division Multiple Access (QDSS-CDMA) communication systems. The evolution of quantum signals through the quantum direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple access communication system is carefully characterized by a novel approach called the decomposition of creation operators. In this methodology, the creation operator of the transmitted quantum signal is decomposed into the chip-time interval creation operators each of which is defined over the duration of a chip. These chip-time interval creation operators are the invariant building blocks of the spread-spectrum quantum communication systems. With the aid of the proposed chip-time decomposition approach, we can find closed-form relations for quantum signals at the receiver of such a quantum communication system. Further, the paper details the principles of narrow-band filtering of quantum signals required at the receiver, a crucial step in designing and analyzing quantum communication systems. We show that by employing coherent states as the transmitted quantum signals, the inter-user interference appears as an additive term in the magnitude of the output coherent (Glauber) state, and the output of the quantum communication system is a pure quantum signal. On the other hand, if the transmitters utilize particle-like quantum signals (Fock states) such as single photon states, entanglement effect can arise at the receivers. The important techniques developed in this paper are expected to have far-reaching implications for various applications in the exciting field of quantum communications and quantum signal processing.